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nuget-3ie/WebApiUtils/Dynamic Expressions.html

Dynamic Expressions.html 121KB
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  738. 

  739. <div class=Section1>

  740. 

  741. <h1><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Dynamic Expressions

  742. and Queries in LINQ<o:p></o:p></span></h1>

  743. 

  744. <p class=MsoNormal>Database applications frequently rely on “Dynamic

  745. SQL”—queries that are constructed at run-time through program logic. The LINQ

  746. infrastructure supports similar capabilities through dynamic construction of

  747. expression trees using the classes in the <span class=SpellE><span

  748. class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Expressions</span></span> namespace. Expression

  749. trees are an appropriate abstraction for a variety of scenarios, but for others

  750. a string-based representation may be more convenient. The <a

  751. href="#_Dynamic_Expression_API">Dynamic Expression API</a> extends the core

  752. LINQ API with that capability. The API is located in the <span class=SpellE>Dynamic.cs</span>

  753. source file and provides</p>

  754. 

  755. <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:

  756. Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  757. </span><span class=GramE>Dynamic</span> parsing of strings to produce

  758. expression trees (the <a href="#_The_ParseLambda_Methods"><span class=SpellE>ParseLambda</span></a>

  759. and <a href="#_The_Parse_Method">Parse</a> methods),</p>

  760. 

  761. <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:

  762. Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  763. </span>Dynamic creation of “Data Classes” (the <a

  764. href="#_Dynamic_Class_Creation"><span class=SpellE>CreateClass</span></a> methods),

  765. and</p>

  766. 

  767. <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:

  768. Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  769. </span><span class=GramE>Dynamic</span> string-based querying through LINQ

  770. providers (the <a href="#_IQueryable_Extension_Methods">IQueryable extension

  771. methods</a>).</p>

  772. 

  773. <p class=MsoNormal>The Dynamic Expression API relies on a simple <a

  774. href="#_Expression_Language">expression language</a> for formulating

  775. expressions and queries in strings.</p>

  776. 

  777. <h1><a name="_Dynamic_Expression_API"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:

  778. "Times New Roman"'>Dynamic Expression API<o:p></o:p></span></h1>

  779. 

  780. <p class=MsoNormal><a name="_The_ParseLambda_Methods"></a>The Dynamic

  781. Expression API is brought into scope by using (importing) the <span

  782. class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Dynamic</span></span>

  783. namespace. Below is an example of applying the Dynamic Expression API to a LINQ

  784. to SQL data source.</p>

  785. 

  786. <p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>var</span></span></span>

  787. query =<br>

  788. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE>db.Customers</span>.<br>

  789. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=GramE>Where(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;City

  790. = @0 and <span class=SpellE>Orders.Count</span> &gt;= @1&quot;</span>, <span

  791. style='color:#A31515'>&quot;London&quot;</span>, 10).<br>

  792. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>OrderBy</span></span><span

  793. class=GramE>(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;<span class=SpellE>CompanyName</span>&quot;</span>).<br>

  794. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=GramE>Select(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;new(<span

  795. class=SpellE>CompanyName</span> as Name, Phone)&quot;</span>);</p>

  796. 

  797. <p class=MsoNormal>Note that expressions in the query are strings that could

  798. have been dynamically constructed at run-time.</p>

  799. 

  800. <h2><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The <span

  801. class=SpellE>ParseLambda</span> Methods<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

  802. 

  803. <p class=MsoNormal>The <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Dynamic.DynamicExpression</span></span>

  804. class defines the following overloaded <span class=SpellE><span

  805. class=CodeFragment>ParseLambda</span></span> methods for dynamically parsing

  806. and creating lambda expressions.</p>

  807. 

  808. <p class=Code><a name=ParseLambda1></a><span class=GramE><span

  809. style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span style='color:blue'>static</span> <span

  810. class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>LambdaExpression</span></span> <span

  811. class=SpellE>ParseLambda</span>(<br>

  812. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>ParameterExpression</span></span>[]

  813. parameters, <span style='color:#2B91AF'>Type</span> <span class=SpellE>resultType</span>,<br>

  814. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>string</span> expression, <span

  815. class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span> <span

  816. style='color:blue'>object</span>[] values);</p>

  817. 

  818. <p class=Code><a name=ParseLambda2></a><span class=GramE><span

  819. style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span style='color:blue'>static</span> <span

  820. class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>LambdaExpression</span></span> <span

  821. class=SpellE>ParseLambda</span>(<br>

  822. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:#2B91AF'>Type</span> <span class=SpellE>argumentType</span>,

  823. <span style='color:#2B91AF'>Type</span> <span class=SpellE>resultType</span>,<br>

  824. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>string</span> expression, <span

  825. class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span> <span

  826. style='color:blue'>object</span>[] values);</p>

  827. 

  828. <p class=Code><a name=ParseLambda3></a><span class=GramE><span

  829. style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span style='color:blue'>static</span> <span

  830. style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>&lt;<span class=SpellE><span

  831. style='color:#2B91AF'>Func</span></span>&lt;<span class=SpellE>TArgument</span>,

  832. <span class=SpellE>TResult</span>&gt;&gt;<br>

  833. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE>ParseLambda</span>&lt;<span class=SpellE>TArgument</span>,

  834. <span class=SpellE>TResult</span>&gt;(<br>

  835. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>string</span>

  836. expression, <span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span> <span

  837. style='color:blue'>object</span>[] values);</p>

  838. 

  839. <p class=MsoNormal>The <a href="#ParseLambda1">first</a> <span class=SpellE><span

  840. class=CodeFragment>ParseLambda</span></span> overload parses a lambda

  841. expression with the given <span class=CodeFragment>parameters</span> and <span

  842. class=CodeFragment>expression</span> body and returns an <span

  843. class=CodeFragment>Expression&lt;<span class=SpellE>Func</span>&lt;…&gt;&gt;</span>

  844. instance representing the result. If the <span class=SpellE><span

  845. class=CodeFragment>resultType</span></span> parameter is non-null it specifies

  846. the required result type for the expression. The <span class=CodeFragment>values</span>

  847. parameter supplies zero or more <a href="#_Substitution_Values">substitution

  848. values</a> that may be referenced in the expression.</p>

  849. 

  850. <p class=MsoNormal><a name=LambdaExample1></a>The example</p>

  851. 

  852. <p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>ParameterExpression</span></span>

  853. x = <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>.Parameter</span>(<span

  854. class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>typeof</span></span>(<span class=SpellE><span

  855. style='color:blue'>int</span></span>), <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;x&quot;</span>);<br>

  856. <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>ParameterExpression</span></span>

  857. y = <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>.Parameter</span>(<span

  858. class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>typeof</span></span>(<span class=SpellE><span

  859. style='color:blue'>int</span></span>), <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;y&quot;</span>);<br>

  860. <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>LambdaExpression</span></span> e

  861. = <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicExpression</span>.ParseLambda</span>(<br>

  862. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>new</span> <span class=SpellE><span

  863. style='color:#2B91AF'>ParameterExpression</span></span>[] { x, y }, <span

  864. style='color:blue'>null</span>, <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;(x + y) *

  865. 2&quot;</span>);</p>

  866. 

  867. <p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>creates</span> and assigns an <span

  868. class=CodeFragment>Expression&lt;<span class=SpellE>Func</span>&lt;<span

  869. class=SpellE>int</span>, <span class=SpellE>int</span>, <span class=SpellE>int</span>&gt;&gt;</span>

  870. instance to <span class=CodeFragment>e</span> representing the expression <span

  871. class=CodeFragment>(x</span> <span class=CodeFragment>+</span> <span

  872. class=CodeFragment>y)</span> <span class=CodeFragment>*</span> <span

  873. class=CodeFragment>2</span>. If a required result type is specified, as in</p>

  874. 

  875. <p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>LambdaExpression</span></span>

  876. e = <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicExpression</span>.ParseLambda</span></span><span

  877. class=GramE>(</span><br>

  878. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>new</span> <span class=SpellE><span

  879. style='color:#2B91AF'>ParameterExpression</span></span>[] { x, y }, <span

  880. class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>typeof</span></span>(<span

  881. style='color:blue'>double</span>), <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;(x + y) *

  882. 2&quot;</span>);</p>

  883. 

  884. <p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>the</span> parsing operation will include

  885. an <a href="#_Conversions">implicit conversion</a> to the given result type, in

  886. this case yielding an <span class=CodeFragment>Expression&lt;<span

  887. class=SpellE>Func</span>&lt;<span class=SpellE>int</span>, <span class=SpellE>int</span>,

  888. double&gt;&gt;</span> instance.</p>

  889. 

  890. <p class=MsoNormal>The <a href="#ParseLambda2">second</a> <span class=SpellE><span

  891. class=CodeFragment>ParseLambda</span></span> overload parses a lambda

  892. expression with a single unnamed parameter of a specified <span class=SpellE><span

  893. class=CodeFragment>argumentType</span></span>. This method corresponds to

  894. calling the first <span class=SpellE>ParseLambda</span> overload with a <span

  895. class=CodeFragment>parameters</span> argument containing a single <span

  896. class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>ParameterExpression</span></span> with an

  897. empty or null <span class=CodeFragment>Name</span> property.</p>

  898. 

  899. <p class=MsoNormal>­When parsing a lambda expression with a single unnamed

  900. parameter, the members of the unnamed parameter are automatically in scope in

  901. the expression string, and the <a href="#_Current_Instance">current instance</a>

  902. given by the unnamed parameter can be referenced in whole using the keyword <span

  903. class=CodeFragment>it</span>. The example</p>

  904. 

  905. <p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>LambdaExpression</span></span>

  906. e = <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicExpression</span>.ParseLambda</span></span><span

  907. class=GramE>(</span><br>

  908. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>typeof</span></span>(<span

  909. style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>), <span class=SpellE><span

  910. style='color:blue'>typeof</span></span>(<span class=SpellE><span

  911. style='color:blue'>bool</span></span>),<br>

  912. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;City = @0 and <span

  913. class=SpellE>Orders.Count</span> &gt;= @1&quot;</span>,<br>

  914. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;London&quot;</span>, 10);</p>

  915. 

  916. <p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>creates</span> and assigns an <span

  917. class=CodeFragment>Expression&lt;<span class=SpellE>Func</span>&lt;Customer, <span

  918. class=SpellE>bool</span>&gt;&gt;</span> instance to <span class=CodeFragment>e</span>.

  919. Note that <span class=CodeFragment>City</span> and <span class=CodeFragment>Orders</span>

  920. are members of <span class=CodeFragment>Customer</span> that are automatically

  921. in scope. Also note the use of <a href="#_Substitution_Values">substitution

  922. values</a> to supply the constant values <span class=CodeFragment>&quot;London&quot;</span>

  923. and <span class=CodeFragment>10</span>.</p>

  924. 

  925. <p class=MsoNormal>The <a href="#ParseLambda3">third</a> <span class=SpellE><span

  926. class=CodeFragment>ParseLambda</span></span> overload is a <span class=SpellE>genericly</span>

  927. typed version of the second overload. The example below produces the same <span

  928. class=CodeFragment>Expression&lt;<span class=SpellE>Func</span>&lt;Customer, <span

  929. class=SpellE>bool</span>&gt;&gt;</span> instance as the example above, but is

  930. statically typed to that exact type.</p>

  931. 

  932. <p class=Code><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>&lt;<span

  933. class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Func</span></span>&lt;<span

  934. style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>, <span class=SpellE><span

  935. style='color:blue'>bool</span></span>&gt;&gt; e =<br>

  936. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicExpression</span>.ParseLambda</span>&lt;<span

  937. style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>, <span class=SpellE><span

  938. style='color:blue'>bool</span></span><span class=GramE>&gt;(</span><br>

  939. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;City

  940. = @0 and <span class=SpellE>Orders.Count</span> &gt;= @1&quot;</span>,<br>

  941. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;London&quot;</span>,

  942. 10);</p>

  943. 

  944. <h2><a name="_The_Parse_Method"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The

  945. Parse Method<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

  946. 

  947. <p class=MsoNormal>The <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Dynamic.DynamicExpression</span></span>

  948. class defines the following method for parsing and creating expression tree

  949. fragments.</p>

  950. 

  951. <p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span

  952. style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>

  953. Parse(<span style='color:#2B91AF'>Type</span> <span class=SpellE>resultType</span>,

  954. <span style='color:blue'>string</span> expression,<br>

  955. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span>

  956. <span style='color:blue'>object</span>[] values);</p>

  957. 

  958. <p class=MsoNormal>The Parse method parses the given <span class=CodeFragment>expression</span>

  959. and returns an expression tree. If the <span class=SpellE><span

  960. class=CodeFragment>resultType</span></span> parameter is non-null it specifies

  961. the required result type of the expression. The <span class=CodeFragment>values</span>

  962. parameter supplies zero or more <a href="#_Substitution_Values">substitution

  963. values</a> that may be referenced in the expression.</p>

  964. 

  965. <p class=MsoNormal>Unlike the <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>ParseLambda</span></span>

  966. methods, the <span class=CodeFragment>Parse</span> method returns an “unbound”

  967. expression tree fragment. The following example uses <span class=GramE><span

  968. class=CodeFragment>Parse</span></span> to produce the same result as a <a

  969. href="#LambdaExample1">previous example</a>:</p>

  970. 

  971. <p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>ParameterExpression</span></span>

  972. x = <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>.Parameter</span>(<span

  973. class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>typeof</span></span>(<span class=SpellE><span

  974. style='color:blue'>int</span></span>), <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;x&quot;</span>);<br>

  975. <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>ParameterExpression</span></span>

  976. y = <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>.Parameter</span>(<span

  977. class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>typeof</span></span>(<span class=SpellE><span

  978. style='color:blue'>int</span></span>), <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;y&quot;</span>);<br>

  979. <span style='color:#2B91AF'>Dictionary</span>&lt;<span style='color:blue'>string</span>,

  980. <span style='color:blue'>object</span>&gt; symbols = <span style='color:blue'>new</span>

  981. <span style='color:#2B91AF'>Dictionary</span>&lt;<span style='color:blue'>string</span>,

  982. <span style='color:blue'>object</span>&gt;();<br>

  983. <span class=SpellE>symbols.Add</span>(<span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;x&quot;</span>,

  984. x);<br>

  985. <span class=SpellE>symbols.Add</span>(<span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;y&quot;</span>,

  986. y);<br>

  987. <span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span> body = <span class=SpellE><span

  988. style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicExpression</span>.Parse</span>(<span

  989. style='color:blue'>null</span>, <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;(x + y) *

  990. 2&quot;</span>, symbols);<br>

  991. <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>LambdaExpression</span></span> e

  992. = <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>.Lambda</span>(<br>

  993. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; body, <span style='color:blue'>new</span> <span

  994. class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>ParameterExpression</span></span>[] {

  995. x, y });</p>

  996. 

  997. <p class=MsoNormal>Note the use of a <span class=CodeFragment>Dictionary&lt;string,

  998. object&gt;</span> to provide a dictionary of named <a

  999. href="#_Substitution_Values">substitution values</a> that can be referenced in

  1000. the expression.</p>

  1001. 

  1002. <h2><a name="_Substitution_Values"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:

  1003. "Times New Roman"'>Substitution Values<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

  1004. 

  1005. <p class=MsoNormal>Several methods in the Dynamic Expression API permit <em><span

  1006. style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>substitution values</span></em> to

  1007. be specified through a parameter array. Substitution values are referenced in

  1008. an expression using <a href="#_Identifiers">identifiers</a> of the form <span

  1009. class=CodeFragment>@x</span>, where <span class=CodeFragment>x</span> is an

  1010. index into the parameter array. The last element of the parameter array may be

  1011. an object that implements <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>IDictionary</span></span><span

  1012. class=CodeFragment>&lt;string, object&gt;</span>. If so, this dictionary is

  1013. used to map identifiers to substitution values during parsing.</p>

  1014. 

  1015. <p class=MsoNormal>An identifier that references a substitution value is

  1016. processed as follows:</p>

  1017. 

  1018. <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:

  1019. Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1020. </span><span class=GramE>If</span> the value is of type <span class=SpellE><span

  1021. class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Expressions.LambdaExpression</span></span>, the

  1022. identifier must occur as part of a <a href="#_Dynamic_Expression_Invocation">dynamic

  1023. lambda invocation</a>. This allows composition of dynamic lambda expressions.</p>

  1024. 

  1025. <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:

  1026. Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1027. </span>Otherwise, if the value is of type <span class=SpellE><span

  1028. class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Expressions.Expression</span></span>, the given

  1029. expression is substituted for the identifier.</p>

  1030. 

  1031. <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:

  1032. Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1033. </span>Otherwise, the <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>Expression.Constant</span></span><span

  1034. class=CodeFragment> </span>method is used to create a constant expression from

  1035. the value which is then substituted for the identifier.</p>

  1036. 

  1037. <h2><a name="_Dynamic_Class_Creation"></a><a name="_Dynamic_Data_Classes"></a><span

  1038. style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Dynamic Data Classes<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

  1039. 

  1040. <p class=MsoNormal>A data class is a class that contains only data members. The

  1041. <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Dynamic.DynamicExpression</span></span>

  1042. class defines the following methods for dynamically creating data classes.</p>

  1043. 

  1044. <p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span

  1045. style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>Type</span> <span

  1046. class=SpellE>CreateClass</span>(<span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span>

  1047. <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicProperty</span></span>[]

  1048. properties);</p>

  1049. 

  1050. <p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span

  1051. style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>Type</span> <span

  1052. class=SpellE>CreateClass</span>(<span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>IEnumerable</span></span>&lt;<span

  1053. class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicProperty</span></span>&gt;

  1054. properties);</p>

  1055. 

  1056. <p class=MsoNormal>The <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>CreateClass</span></span>

  1057. method creates a new data class with a given set of public properties and

  1058. returns the <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>System.Type</span></span>

  1059. object for the newly created class. If a data class with an identical sequence

  1060. of properties has already been created, the <span class=SpellE><span

  1061. class=CodeFragment>System.Type</span></span> object for this class is returned.</p>

  1062. 

  1063. <p class=MsoNormal>Data classes implement private instance variables and

  1064. read/write property <span class=SpellE>accessors</span> for the specified

  1065. properties. Data classes also override the <span class=CodeFragment>Equals</span>

  1066. and <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>GetHashCode</span></span>

  1067. members to implement by-value equality.</p>

  1068. 

  1069. <p class=MsoNormal>Data classes are created in an in-memory assembly in the

  1070. current application domain. All data classes inherit from <span class=SpellE><span

  1071. class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Dynamic.DynamicClass</span></span> and are given

  1072. automatically generated names that should be considered private (the names will

  1073. be unique within the application domain but not across multiple invocations of

  1074. the application). Note that once created, a data class stays in memory for the

  1075. lifetime of the current application domain. There is currently no way to unload

  1076. a dynamically created data class.</p>

  1077. 

  1078. <p class=MsoNormal>The dynamic expression parser uses the <span class=SpellE><span

  1079. class=CodeFragment>CreateClass</span></span> methods to generate classes from <a

  1080. href="#_Anonymous_Object_Initializer">data object initializers</a>. This

  1081. feature in turn is often used with the dynamic <span class=CodeFragment>Select</span>

  1082. method to create projections.</p>

  1083. 

  1084. <p class=MsoNormal>The example below uses <span class=SpellE><span

  1085. class=CodeFragment>CreateClass</span></span> to create a data class with two

  1086. properties, <span class=CodeFragment>Name</span> and <span class=CodeFragment>Birthday</span>,

  1087. and then uses .NET reflection to create an instance of the class and assign

  1088. values to the properties.</p>

  1089. 

  1090. <p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicProperty</span></span>[]

  1091. props = <span style='color:blue'>new</span> <span class=SpellE><span

  1092. style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicProperty</span></span>[] {<br>

  1093. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>new</span> <span class=SpellE><span

  1094. style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicProperty</span></span>(<span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;Name&quot;</span>,

  1095. <span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>typeof</span></span>(<span

  1096. style='color:blue'>string</span>)),<br>

  1097. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>new</span> <span class=SpellE><span

  1098. style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicProperty</span></span>(<span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;Birthday&quot;</span>,

  1099. <span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>typeof</span></span>(<span

  1100. class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DateTime</span></span>)) };<br>

  1101. <span style='color:#2B91AF'>Type</span> <span class=SpellE>type</span> = <span

  1102. class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicExpression</span>.CreateClass</span>(props);<br>

  1103. <span style='color:blue'>object</span> <span class=SpellE>obj</span> = <span

  1104. class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Activator</span>.CreateInstance</span>(type);<br>

  1105. <span class=SpellE>t.GetProperty</span>(<span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;Name&quot;</span>).<span

  1106. class=SpellE>SetValue</span>(<span class=SpellE>obj</span>, <span

  1107. style='color:#A31515'>&quot;Albert&quot;</span>, <span style='color:blue'>null</span>);<br>

  1108. <span class=SpellE>t.GetProperty</span>(<span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;Birthday&quot;</span>).<span

  1109. class=SpellE>SetValue</span>(<span class=SpellE>obj</span>, <span

  1110. style='color:blue'>new</span> <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DateTime</span></span>(1879,

  1111. 3, 14), <span style='color:blue'>null</span>);<br>

  1112. <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Console</span>.WriteLine</span>(<span

  1113. class=SpellE>obj</span>);</p>

  1114. 

  1115. <h2><a name="_IQueryable_Extension_Methods"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:

  1116. "Times New Roman"'>IQueryable Extension Methods<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

  1117. 

  1118. <p class=MsoNormal>The <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Dynamic.DynamicQueryable</span></span>

  1119. class implements the following extension methods for dynamically querying

  1120. objects that implement the <span class=CodeFragment>IQueryable&lt;T&gt;</span>

  1121. interface.</p>

  1122. 

  1123. <p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span

  1124. style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>

  1125. Where(<span style='color:blue'>this</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>

  1126. source,<br>

  1127. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>string</span> predicate, <span

  1128. class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span> <span

  1129. style='color:blue'>object</span>[] values);</p>

  1130. 

  1131. <p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span

  1132. style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>&lt;T&gt;

  1133. Where&lt;T&gt;(<span style='color:blue'>this</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>&lt;T&gt;

  1134. source,<br>

  1135. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>string</span> predicate, <span

  1136. class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span> <span

  1137. style='color:blue'>object</span>[] values);</p>

  1138. 

  1139. <p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span

  1140. style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>

  1141. Select(<span style='color:blue'>this</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>

  1142. source,<br>

  1143. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>string</span> selector, <span

  1144. class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span> <span

  1145. style='color:blue'>object</span>[] values);</p>

  1146. 

  1147. <p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span

  1148. style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span> <span

  1149. class=SpellE>OrderBy</span>(<span style='color:blue'>this</span> <span

  1150. style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span> source,<br>

  1151. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>string</span> ordering, <span

  1152. class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span> <span

  1153. style='color:blue'>object</span>[] values);</p>

  1154. 

  1155. <p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span

  1156. style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>&lt;T&gt;

  1157. <span class=SpellE>OrderBy</span>&lt;T&gt;(<span style='color:blue'>this</span>

  1158. <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>&lt;T&gt; source,<br>

  1159. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>string</span> ordering, <span

  1160. class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span> <span

  1161. style='color:blue'>object</span>[] values);</p>

  1162. 

  1163. <p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span

  1164. style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>

  1165. Take(<span style='color:blue'>this</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>

  1166. source, <span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>int</span></span> count);</p>

  1167. 

  1168. <p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span

  1169. style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>

  1170. Skip(<span style='color:blue'>this</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>

  1171. source, <span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>int</span></span> count);</p>

  1172. 

  1173. <p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span

  1174. style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span> <span

  1175. class=SpellE>GroupBy</span>(<span style='color:blue'>this</span> <span

  1176. style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span> source,<br>

  1177. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>string</span> <span class=SpellE>keySelector</span>,

  1178. <span style='color:blue'>string</span> <span class=SpellE>elementSelector</span>,

  1179. <span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span> <span

  1180. style='color:blue'>object</span>[] values);</p>

  1181. 

  1182. <p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span

  1183. style='color:blue'>static</span> <span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>bool</span></span>

  1184. Any(<span style='color:blue'>this</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>

  1185. source);</p>

  1186. 

  1187. <p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span

  1188. style='color:blue'>static</span> <span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>int</span></span>

  1189. Count(<span style='color:blue'>this</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>

  1190. source);</p>

  1191. 

  1192. <p class=MsoNormal>These methods correspond to their <span class=SpellE><span

  1193. class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Queryable</span></span> counterparts, except

  1194. that they operate on <span class=CodeFragment>IQueryable</span> instead of <span

  1195. class=CodeFragment>IQueryable&lt;T&gt;</span> and use strings instead of lambda

  1196. expressions to express predicates, selectors, and orderings. <span

  1197. class=CodeFragment>IQueryable</span> is the non-generic base interface for <span

  1198. class=CodeFragment>IQueryable&lt;T&gt;</span>, so the methods can be used even

  1199. when <span class=CodeFragment>T</span> isn’t known on beforehand, i.e. when the

  1200. source of a query is dynamically determined. (Note that because a dynamic

  1201. predicate or ordering does not affect the result type, generic overloads are

  1202. provided for <span class=CodeFragment>Where</span> and <span class=SpellE><span

  1203. class=CodeFragment>OrderBy</span></span> in order to preserve strong typing

  1204. when possible.)</p>

  1205. 

  1206. <p class=MsoNormal>The <span class=CodeFragment>predicate</span>, <span

  1207. class=CodeFragment>selector</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>ordering</span>, <span

  1208. class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>keySelector</span></span>, and <span

  1209. class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>elementSelector</span></span> parameters

  1210. are strings containing expressions written in the <a

  1211. href="#_Expression_Language">expression language</a>. In the expression

  1212. strings, the members of the <a href="#_Current_Instance">current instance</a>

  1213. are automatically in scope and the instance itself can be referenced using the

  1214. keyword <span class=CodeFragment>it</span>.</p>

  1215. 

  1216. <p class=MsoNormal>The <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>OrderBy</span></span>

  1217. method permits a sequence of orderings to be specified, separated by commas.

  1218. Each ordering may optionally be followed by <span class=SpellE><span

  1219. class=CodeFragment>asc</span></span> or <span class=CodeFragment>ascending</span>

  1220. to indicate ascending <span class=GramE>order,</span> or <span class=SpellE><span

  1221. class=CodeFragment>desc</span></span> or <span class=CodeFragment>descending</span>

  1222. to indicate descending order. The default order is ascending. The example</p>

  1223. 

  1224. <p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>products.OrderBy</span></span><span

  1225. class=GramE>(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;<span class=SpellE>Category.CategoryName</span>,

  1226. <span class=SpellE>UnitPrice</span> descending&quot;</span>);</p>

  1227. 

  1228. <p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>orders</span> a sequence of products by

  1229. ascending category name and, within each category, descending unit price.</p>

  1230. 

  1231. <h2><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The <span

  1232. class=SpellE>ParseException</span> Class<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

  1233. 

  1234. <p class=MsoNormal>The Dynamic Expression API reports parsing errors using the <span

  1235. class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Dynamic.ParseException</span></span>

  1236. class. The <span class=CodeFragment>Position</span> property of the <span

  1237. class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>ParseException</span></span> class gives

  1238. the character index in the expression string at which the parsing error

  1239. occurred.</p>

  1240. 

  1241. <h1><a name="_Expression_Language"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:

  1242. "Times New Roman"'>Expression Language<o:p></o:p></span></h1>

  1243. 

  1244. <p class=MsoNormal>The expression language implemented by the Dynamic

  1245. Expression API provides a simple and convenient way of writing expressions that

  1246. can be parsed into LINQ expression trees. The language supports most of the

  1247. constructs of expression trees, but it is by no means a complete query or

  1248. programming language. In particular, the expression language does not support

  1249. statements or declarations.</p>

  1250. 

  1251. <p class=MsoNormal>The expression language is designed to be familiar to C#,

  1252. VB, and SQL users. For this reason, some operators are present in multiple

  1253. forms, such as <span class=CodeFragment>&amp;&amp;</span> and <span

  1254. class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>and</span></span>.</p>

  1255. 

  1256. <h2><a name="_Identifiers"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Identifiers<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

  1257. 

  1258. <p class=MsoNormal>An Identifier consists of a letter or underscore followed by

  1259. any number of letters, digits, or underscores. In order to reference an

  1260. identifier with the same spelling as a keyword, the identifier must be prefixed

  1261. with a single @ character. Some examples of identifiers:</p>

  1262. 

  1263. <p class=Code><span class=GramE>x</span>&nbsp;&nbsp; Hello&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1264. m_1&nbsp;&nbsp; @true&nbsp;&nbsp; @String</p>

  1265. 

  1266. <p class=MsoNormal>Identifiers of the from @x, where x is an integral number

  1267. greater than or equal to zero, are used to denote the <a

  1268. href="#_Substitution_Values">substitution values</a>, if any, that were passed

  1269. to the expression parser. For example:</p>

  1270. 

  1271. <p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>customers.Where</span></span><span

  1272. class=GramE>(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;Country = @0&quot;</span>,

  1273. country);</p>

  1274. 

  1275. <p class=MsoNormal>Casing is not significant in identifiers or keywords.</p>

  1276. 

  1277. <h2><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Literals<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

  1278. 

  1279. <p class=MsoNormal>The expression language supports integer, real, string, and

  1280. character literals.</p>

  1281. 

  1282. <p class=MsoNormal>An <em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>integer

  1283. literal</span></em> consists of a sequence of digits. The type of an integer

  1284. literal is the first of the types <span class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>, <span

  1285. class=CodeFragment>UInt32</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Int64</span>, or <span

  1286. class=CodeFragment>UInt64</span> that can represent the given value. An integer

  1287. literal implicitly converts to any other <a href="#NumericTypes">numeric type</a>

  1288. provided the number is in the range of that type. Some examples of integer

  1289. literals:</p>

  1290. 

  1291. <p class=Code>0&nbsp;&nbsp; 123&nbsp;&nbsp; 10000</p>

  1292. 

  1293. <p class=MsoNormal>A <em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>real

  1294. literal</span></em> consists of an integral part followed by a fractional part

  1295. and/or an exponent. The integral part is a sequence of one or more digits. The

  1296. fractional part is a decimal point followed by one or more digits. The exponent

  1297. is the letter <span class=CodeFragment>e</span> or <span class=CodeFragment>E</span>

  1298. followed by an optional <span class=CodeFragment>+</span> or <span

  1299. class=CodeFragment>–</span> sign followed by one or more digits. The type of a

  1300. real literal is <span class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>Double</span></span>.

  1301. A real literal implicitly converts to any other <a href="#RealTypes">real type</a>

  1302. provided the number is in the range of that type. Some examples of real

  1303. literals:</p>

  1304. 

  1305. <p class=Code>1.0&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.25 &nbsp;&nbsp;10000.0&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1306. 1e0&nbsp;&nbsp; 1e10&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.2345E-4</p>

  1307. 

  1308. <p class=MsoNormal>A <em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>string

  1309. literal</span></em> consists of zero or more characters enclosed in double

  1310. quotes. Inside a string literal, a double quote is written as two consecutive

  1311. double quotes. The type of a string literal is <span class=CodeFragment>String</span>.

  1312. Some examples of string literals:</p>

  1313. 

  1314. <p class=Code>&quot;<span class=GramE>hello</span>&quot;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1315. &quot;&quot;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1316. &quot;&quot;&quot;quoted&quot;&quot;&quot;&nbsp;&nbsp; &quot;'&quot;</p>

  1317. 

  1318. <p class=MsoNormal>A <em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>character

  1319. literal</span></em> consists of a single character enclosed in single quotes.

  1320. Inside a character literal, a single quote is written as two consecutive single

  1321. quotes. The type of a character literal is <span class=CodeFragment>Char</span>.

  1322. Some examples of character literals:</p>

  1323. 

  1324. <p class=Code>'A'&nbsp;&nbsp; '1'&nbsp;&nbsp; ''''&nbsp;&nbsp; '&quot;'</p>

  1325. 

  1326. <h2><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Constants<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

  1327. 

  1328. <p class=MsoNormal>The predefined constants <span class=CodeFragment>true</span>

  1329. and <span class=CodeFragment>false</span> denote the two values of the type <span

  1330. class=CodeFragment>Boolean</span>.</p>

  1331. 

  1332. <p class=MsoNormal>The predefined constant <span class=CodeFragment>null</span>

  1333. denotes a null reference. The <span class=CodeFragment>null</span> constant is

  1334. of type <span class=CodeFragment>Object</span>, but is also implicitly

  1335. convertible to any reference type.</p>

  1336. 

  1337. <h2><a name="_Predefined_types"></a><a name="_Types"></a><span

  1338. style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Types<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

  1339. 

  1340. <p class=MsoNormal>The expression language defines the following <em><span

  1341. style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>primitive types</span></em>:</p>

  1342. 

  1343. <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=CodeFragment>Object</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1344. <span class=CodeFragment>Boolean</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1345. <span class=CodeFragment>Char</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1346. <span class=CodeFragment>String</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1347. <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>SByte</span></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1348. <span class=CodeFragment>Byte</span><br>

  1349. <span class=CodeFragment>Int16</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1350. <span class=CodeFragment>UInt16</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1351. <span class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1352. <span class=CodeFragment>UInt32</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1353. <span class=CodeFragment>Int64</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1354. <span class=CodeFragment>UInt64</span><br>

  1355. <span class=CodeFragment>Decimal&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Single</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1356. <span class=CodeFragment>Double</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1357. <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>DateTime</span></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1358. <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>TimeSpan</span></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1359. <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>Guid</span></span></p>

  1360. 

  1361. <p class=MsoNormal>The primitive types correspond to the similarly named types

  1362. in the System namespace of the .NET Framework Base Class Library. The

  1363. expression language also defines a set of <em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>accessible

  1364. types</span></em> consisting of the primitive types and the following types

  1365. from the System namespace:</p>

  1366. 

  1367. <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=CodeFragment>Math</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1368. <span class=CodeFragment>Convert</span></p>

  1369. 

  1370. <p class=MsoNormal>The accessible types are the only types that can be

  1371. explicitly referenced in expressions, and method invocations in the expression

  1372. language are restricted to methods declared in the accessible types.</p>

  1373. 

  1374. <p class=MsoNormal>The <span class=SpellE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>nullable</span></em></span><em><span

  1375. style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> form</span></em> of a value type is

  1376. referenced by writing <span class=GramE>a <span class=CodeFragment>?</span></span>

  1377. <span class=GramE>after</span> the type name. <span class=GramE>For example, <span

  1378. class=CodeFragment>Int32?</span></span> <span class=GramE>denotes</span> the <span

  1379. class=SpellE>nullable</span> form of <span class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>.</p>

  1380. 

  1381. <p class=MsoNormal><a name=IntegralTypes></a>The non-<span class=SpellE>nullable</span>

  1382. and <span class=SpellE>nullable</span> forms of the types <span class=SpellE><span

  1383. class=CodeFragment>SByte</span></span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Byte</span>, <span

  1384. class=CodeFragment>Int16</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>UInt16</span>, <span

  1385. class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>UInt32</span>, <span

  1386. class=CodeFragment>Int64</span>, and <span class=CodeFragment>UInt64</span> are

  1387. collectively called the <em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>integral

  1388. types</span></em>. </p>

  1389. 

  1390. <p class=MsoNormal><a name="_Conversions"></a><a name=RealTypes></a>The non-<span

  1391. class=SpellE>nullable</span> and <span class=SpellE>nullable</span> forms of

  1392. the types <span class=CodeFragment>Single</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Double</span>,

  1393. and <span class=CodeFragment>Decimal</span> are collectively called the <em><span

  1394. style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>real types</span></em>.</p>

  1395. 

  1396. <p class=MsoNormal><a name=NumericTypes></a>The integral types and real types

  1397. are collectively called the <em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>numeric

  1398. types</span></em>.</p>

  1399. 

  1400. <h2><a name="_Conversions_1"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Conversions<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

  1401. 

  1402. <p class=MsoNormal>The following conversions are implicitly performed by the

  1403. expression language:</p>

  1404. 

  1405. <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:

  1406. Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1407. </span><span class=GramE>From</span> the <span class=SpellE>the</span> <span

  1408. class=CodeFragment>null</span> literal to any reference type or <span

  1409. class=SpellE>nullable</span> type.</p>

  1410. 

  1411. <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:

  1412. Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1413. </span><span class=GramE>From</span> an integer literal to an <a

  1414. href="#IntegralTypes">integral type</a> or <a href="#RealTypes">real type</a>

  1415. provided the number is within the range of that type.</p>

  1416. 

  1417. <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:

  1418. Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1419. </span><span class=GramE>From</span> a real literal to a <a href="#RealTypes">real

  1420. type</a> provided the number is within the range of that type.</p>

  1421. 

  1422. <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:

  1423. Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1424. </span><span class=GramE>From</span> a string literal to an <span class=SpellE>enum</span>

  1425. type provided the string literal contains the name of a member of that <span

  1426. class=SpellE>enum</span> type.</p>

  1427. 

  1428. <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:

  1429. Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1430. </span><span class=GramE>From</span> a source type that is assignment

  1431. compatible with the target type according to the <span class=SpellE><span

  1432. class=CodeFragment>Type.IsAssignableFrom</span></span> method in .NET.</p>

  1433. 

  1434. <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:

  1435. Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1436. </span><span class=GramE>From</span> a non-<span class=SpellE>nullable</span>

  1437. value type to the <span class=SpellE>nullable</span> form of that value type.</p>

  1438. 

  1439. <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:

  1440. Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1441. </span><span class=GramE>From</span> a <a href="#NumericTypes">numeric type</a>

  1442. to another numeric type with greater range.</p>

  1443. 

  1444. <p class=MsoNormal>The expression language permits explicit conversions using

  1445. the syntax <span class=GramE><i>type</i><span class=CodeFragment>(</span></span><span

  1446. class=SpellE><i>expr</i></span><span class=CodeFragment>)</span>, where <i>type</i>

  1447. is a type name optionally followed by <span class=CodeFragment>?</span> <span

  1448. class=GramE>and</span> <span class=SpellE><i>expr</i></span> is an expression.

  1449. This syntax may be used to perform the following conversions:</p>

  1450. 

  1451. <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:

  1452. Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1453. </span><span class=GramE>Between</span> two types provided <span class=SpellE><span

  1454. class=CodeFragment>Type.IsAssignableFrom</span></span> is true in one or both

  1455. directions.</p>

  1456. 

  1457. <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:

  1458. Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1459. </span><span class=GramE>Between</span> two types provided one or both are

  1460. interface types.</p>

  1461. 

  1462. <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:

  1463. Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1464. </span><span class=GramE>Between</span> the <span class=SpellE>nullable</span>

  1465. and non-<span class=SpellE>nullable</span> forms of any value type.</p>

  1466. 

  1467. <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:

  1468. Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  1469. </span>Between any two types belonging to the set consisting of <span

  1470. class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>SByte</span></span>, <span

  1471. class=CodeFragment>Byte</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Int16</span>, <span

  1472. class=CodeFragment>UInt16</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>, <span

  1473. class=CodeFragment>UInt32</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Int64</span>, <span

  1474. class=CodeFragment>UInt64</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Decimal</span>, <span

  1475. class=CodeFragment>Single</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Double</span>, <span

  1476. class=CodeFragment>Char</span>, any <span class=SpellE>enum</span> type, as

  1477. well as the <span class=SpellE>nullable</span> forms of those types.</p>

  1478. 

  1479. <h2 style='line-height:150%'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Operators<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

  1480. 

  1481. <p class=MsoNormal>The table below shows the operators supported by the

  1482. expression language in order of precedence from highest to lowest. Operators in

  1483. the same category have equal precedence. In the table, <span

  1484. class=CodeFragment>x</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>y</span>, and <span

  1485. class=CodeFragment>z</span> denote expressions, <span class=CodeFragment>T</span>

  1486. denotes a <a href="#_Types">type</a>, and <span class=CodeFragment>m</span>

  1487. denotes a member.</p>

  1488. 

  1489. <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0

  1490.  style='margin-left:.25in;border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;

  1491.  mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'>

  1492.  <thead>

  1493.   <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>

  1494.    <td width=103 valign=top style='width:77.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;

  1495.    background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1496.    <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1497.    3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><b>Category</b></p>

  1498.    </td>

  1499.    <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;

  1500.    border-left:none;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1501.    <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1502.    3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><b>Expression</b></p>

  1503.    </td>

  1504.    <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;

  1505.    border-left:none;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1506.    <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1507.    3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><b>Description</b></p>

  1508.    </td>

  1509.   </tr>

  1510.  </thead>

  1511.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>

  1512.   <td width=103 rowspan=10 valign=top style='width:77.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;

  1513.   border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1514.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1515.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Primary</p>

  1516.   </td>

  1517.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1518.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1519.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1520.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1521.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=SpellE><span

  1522.   class=CodeFragment>x.m</span></span></p>

  1523.   </td>

  1524.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1525.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1526.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1527.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1528.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Instance field or instance property

  1529.   access. Any public field or property can be accessed.</p>

  1530.   </td>

  1531.  </tr>

  1532.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>

  1533.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1534.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1535.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1536.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1537.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=SpellE><span

  1538.   class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>x.m</span></span></span><span

  1539.   class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>(</span></span><span class=CodeFragment>…)</span></p>

  1540.   </td>

  1541.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1542.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1543.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1544.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1545.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Instance <a

  1546.   href="#_Constructor_and_Method">method invocation</a>. The method must be

  1547.   public and must be declared in an <a href="#_Predefined_types">accessible

  1548.   type</a>.</p>

  1549.   </td>

  1550.  </tr>

  1551.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'>

  1552.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1553.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1554.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1555.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1556.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=GramE><span

  1557.   class=CodeFragment>x[</span></span><span class=CodeFragment>…]</span></p>

  1558.   </td>

  1559.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1560.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1561.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1562.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1563.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Array or indexer access.

  1564.   Multi-dimensional arrays are not supported.</p>

  1565.   </td>

  1566.  </tr>

  1567.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'>

  1568.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1569.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1570.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1571.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1572.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=SpellE><span

  1573.   class=CodeFragment>T.m</span></span></p>

  1574.   </td>

  1575.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1576.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1577.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1578.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1579.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Static field or static property

  1580.   access. Any public field or property can be accessed.</p>

  1581.   </td>

  1582.  </tr>

  1583.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5'>

  1584.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1585.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1586.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1587.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1588.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=SpellE><span

  1589.   class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>T.m</span></span></span><span

  1590.   class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>(</span></span><span class=CodeFragment>…)</span></p>

  1591.   </td>

  1592.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1593.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1594.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1595.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1596.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Static <a

  1597.   href="#_Anonymous_Object_Creation">method invocation</a>. The method must be

  1598.   public and must be declared in an <a href="#_Predefined_types">accessible

  1599.   type</a>.</p>

  1600.   </td>

  1601.  </tr>

  1602.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6'>

  1603.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1604.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1605.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1606.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1607.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=GramE><span

  1608.   class=CodeFragment>T(</span></span><span class=CodeFragment>…)</span></p>

  1609.   </td>

  1610.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1611.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1612.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1613.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1614.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><a href="#_Conversions">Explicit

  1615.   conversion</a> or <a href="#_Anonymous_Object_Creation">constructor

  1616.   invocation</a>. Note that <span class=CodeFragment>new</span> is not required

  1617.   in front of a constructor invocation.</p>

  1618.   </td>

  1619.  </tr>

  1620.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7'>

  1621.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1622.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1623.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1624.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1625.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=GramE><span

  1626.   class=CodeFragment>new(</span></span><span class=CodeFragment>…)</span></p>

  1627.   </td>

  1628.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1629.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1630.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1631.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1632.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><a href="#_Data_Object_Initializer">Data

  1633.   object <span class=SpellE>initializer</span></a>. This construct can be used

  1634.   to perform dynamic projections.</p>

  1635.   </td>

  1636.  </tr>

  1637.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8'>

  1638.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1639.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1640.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1641.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1642.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>it</span></p>

  1643.   </td>

  1644.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1645.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1646.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1647.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1648.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><a href="#_Current_Instance">Current

  1649.   instance</a>. In contexts where members of a current object are implicitly in

  1650.   scope, <span class=CodeFragment>it</span> is used to refer to the entire

  1651.   object itself.</p>

  1652.   </td>

  1653.  </tr>

  1654.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9'>

  1655.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1656.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1657.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1658.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1659.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=GramE><span

  1660.   class=CodeFragment>x(</span></span><span class=CodeFragment>…)</span></p>

  1661.   </td>

  1662.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1663.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1664.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1665.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1666.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><a

  1667.   href="#_Dynamic_Expression_Invocation">Dynamic lambda invocation</a>. Used to

  1668.   reference another dynamic lambda expression.</p>

  1669.   </td>

  1670.  </tr>

  1671.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10'>

  1672.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1673.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1674.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1675.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1676.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=SpellE><span

  1677.   class=CodeFragment>iif</span></span><span class=CodeFragment>(x,</span> <span

  1678.   class=CodeFragment>y,</span> <span class=CodeFragment>z)</span></p>

  1679.   </td>

  1680.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1681.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1682.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1683.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1684.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Conditional expression. Alternate

  1685.   syntax for <span class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>x</span> <span

  1686.   class=CodeFragment>?</span></span> <span class=CodeFragment>y</span> <span

  1687.   class=CodeFragment>:</span> <span class=CodeFragment>z</span>.</p>

  1688.   </td>

  1689.  </tr>

  1690.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11'>

  1691.   <td width=103 rowspan=2 valign=top style='width:77.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;

  1692.   border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1693.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1694.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Unary</p>

  1695.   </td>

  1696.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1697.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1698.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1699.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1700.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>-x</span></p>

  1701.   </td>

  1702.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1703.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1704.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1705.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1706.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Negation. Supported types are <span

  1707.   class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Int64</span>, <span

  1708.   class=CodeFragment>Decimal</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Single</span>,

  1709.   and <span class=CodeFragment>Double</span>.</p>

  1710.   </td>

  1711.  </tr>

  1712.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12'>

  1713.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1714.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1715.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1716.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1717.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>!x</span></p>

  1718.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1719.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>not x</span></p>

  1720.   </td>

  1721.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1722.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1723.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1724.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1725.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Logical negation. Operand must be <span

  1726.   class=GramE>of</span> type <span class=CodeFragment>Boolean</span>.</p>

  1727.   </td>

  1728.  </tr>

  1729.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13'>

  1730.   <td width=103 rowspan=3 valign=top style='width:77.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;

  1731.   border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1732.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1733.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Multiplicative</p>

  1734.   </td>

  1735.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1736.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1737.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1738.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1739.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x * y</span></p>

  1740.   </td>

  1741.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1742.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1743.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1744.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1745.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Multiplication. Supported types are

  1746.   <span class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>UInt32</span>,

  1747.   <span class=CodeFragment>Int64</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>UInt64</span>,

  1748.   <span class=CodeFragment>Decimal</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Single</span>,

  1749.   and <span class=CodeFragment>Double</span>.</p>

  1750.   </td>

  1751.  </tr>

  1752.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14'>

  1753.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1754.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1755.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1756.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1757.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x / y</span></p>

  1758.   </td>

  1759.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1760.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1761.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1762.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1763.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Division. Supported types are <span

  1764.   class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>UInt32</span>, <span

  1765.   class=CodeFragment>Int64</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>UInt64</span>, <span

  1766.   class=CodeFragment>Decimal</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Single</span>,

  1767.   and <span class=CodeFragment>Double</span>.</p>

  1768.   </td>

  1769.  </tr>

  1770.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15'>

  1771.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1772.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1773.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1774.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1775.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x % y</span></p>

  1776.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1777.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x mod y</span></p>

  1778.   </td>

  1779.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1780.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1781.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1782.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1783.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Remainder. Supported types are <span

  1784.   class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>UInt32</span>, <span

  1785.   class=CodeFragment>Int64</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>UInt64</span>, <span

  1786.   class=CodeFragment>Decimal</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Single</span>,

  1787.   and <span class=CodeFragment>Double</span>.</p>

  1788.   </td>

  1789.  </tr>

  1790.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:16'>

  1791.   <td width=103 rowspan=3 valign=top style='width:77.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;

  1792.   border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1793.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1794.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Additive</p>

  1795.   </td>

  1796.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1797.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1798.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1799.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1800.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x + y</span></p>

  1801.   </td>

  1802.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1803.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1804.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1805.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1806.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Addition or string concatenation.

  1807.   Performs string concatenation if either operand is of type <span

  1808.   class=CodeFragment>String</span>. Otherwise, performs addition for the

  1809.   supported types <span class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>, <span

  1810.   class=CodeFragment>UInt32</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Int64</span>, <span

  1811.   class=CodeFragment>UInt64</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Decimal</span>, <span

  1812.   class=CodeFragment>Single</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Double</span>, <span

  1813.   class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>DateTime</span></span>, and <span

  1814.   class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>TimeSpan</span></span>.</p>

  1815.   </td>

  1816.  </tr>

  1817.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:17'>

  1818.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1819.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1820.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1821.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1822.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x – y</span></p>

  1823.   </td>

  1824.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1825.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1826.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1827.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1828.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Subtraction. Supported types are <span

  1829.   class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>UInt32</span>, <span

  1830.   class=CodeFragment>Int64</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>UInt64</span>, <span

  1831.   class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>Decimal</span></span>, <span

  1832.   class=CodeFragment>Single</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Double</span>, <span

  1833.   class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>DateTime</span></span>, and <span

  1834.   class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>TimeSpan</span></span>.</p>

  1835.   </td>

  1836.  </tr>

  1837.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:18'>

  1838.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1839.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1840.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1841.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1842.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x &amp; y</span></p>

  1843.   </td>

  1844.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1845.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1846.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1847.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1848.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>String concatenation. Operands may

  1849.   be of any type.</p>

  1850.   </td>

  1851.  </tr>

  1852.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:19'>

  1853.   <td width=103 rowspan=6 valign=top style='width:77.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;

  1854.   border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1855.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1856.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Relational</p>

  1857.   </td>

  1858.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1859.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1860.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1861.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1862.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x = y</span></p>

  1863.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1864.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x == y</span></p>

  1865.   </td>

  1866.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1867.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1868.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1869.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1870.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Equal. Supported for reference

  1871.   types and the <a href="#_Predefined_types">primitive types</a>. Assignment is

  1872.   not supported.</p>

  1873.   </td>

  1874.  </tr>

  1875.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:20'>

  1876.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1877.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1878.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1879.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1880.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x != y</span></p>

  1881.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1882.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x &lt;&gt;

  1883.   y</span></p>

  1884.   </td>

  1885.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1886.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1887.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1888.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1889.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Not equal. Supported for reference

  1890.   types and the <a href="#_Predefined_types">primitive types</a>.</p>

  1891.   </td>

  1892.  </tr>

  1893.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:21'>

  1894.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1895.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1896.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1897.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1898.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x &lt; y</span></p>

  1899.   </td>

  1900.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1901.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1902.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1903.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1904.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Less than. Supported for all <a

  1905.   href="#_Predefined_types">primitive types</a> except <span

  1906.   class=CodeFragment>Boolean</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Object</span> and

  1907.   <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>Guid</span></span>.</p>

  1908.   </td>

  1909.  </tr>

  1910.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:22'>

  1911.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1912.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1913.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1914.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1915.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x &gt; y</span></p>

  1916.   </td>

  1917.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1918.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1919.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1920.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1921.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Greater than. Supported for all <a

  1922.   href="#_Predefined_types">primitive types</a> except <span

  1923.   class=CodeFragment>Boolean</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Object</span> and

  1924.   <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>Guid</span></span>.</p>

  1925.   </td>

  1926.  </tr>

  1927.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:23'>

  1928.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1929.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1930.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1931.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1932.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x &lt;= y</span></p>

  1933.   </td>

  1934.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1935.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1936.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1937.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1938.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Less than or equal. Supported for

  1939.   all <a href="#_Predefined_types">primitive types</a> except <span

  1940.   class=CodeFragment>Boolean</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Object</span> and

  1941.   <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>Guid</span></span>.</p>

  1942.   </td>

  1943.  </tr>

  1944.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:24'>

  1945.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1946.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1947.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1948.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1949.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x &gt;= y</span></p>

  1950.   </td>

  1951.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1952.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1953.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1954.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1955.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Greater than or equal. Supported

  1956.   for all <a href="#_Predefined_types">primitive types</a> except <span

  1957.   class=CodeFragment>Boolean</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Object</span> and

  1958.   <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>Guid</span></span>.</p>

  1959.   </td>

  1960.  </tr>

  1961.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:25'>

  1962.   <td width=103 valign=top style='width:77.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;

  1963.   border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1964.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1965.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Logical AND</p>

  1966.   </td>

  1967.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1968.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1969.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1970.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1971.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x

  1972.   &amp;&amp; y</span></p>

  1973.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1974.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x and y</span></p>

  1975.   </td>

  1976.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1977.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1978.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1979.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1980.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Logical AND. Operands must be <span

  1981.   class=GramE>of</span> type <span class=CodeFragment>Boolean</span>.</p>

  1982.   </td>

  1983.  </tr>

  1984.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:26'>

  1985.   <td width=103 valign=top style='width:77.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;

  1986.   border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1987.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1988.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Logical OR</p>

  1989.   </td>

  1990.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1991.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  1992.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  1993.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1994.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x || y</span></p>

  1995.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  1996.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x or y</span></p>

  1997.   </td>

  1998.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  1999.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  2000.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  2001.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  2002.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Logical OR. Operands must be <span

  2003.   class=GramE>of</span> type <span class=CodeFragment>Boolean</span>.</p>

  2004.   </td>

  2005.  </tr>

  2006.  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:27;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>

  2007.   <td width=103 valign=top style='width:77.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;

  2008.   border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  2009.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  2010.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Conditional</p>

  2011.   </td>

  2012.   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  2013.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  2014.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  2015.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  2016.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=GramE><span

  2017.   class=CodeFragment>x ?</span></span><span class=CodeFragment> y : z</span></p>

  2018.   </td>

  2019.   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:

  2020.   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;

  2021.   padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>

  2022.   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:

  2023.   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Evaluates <span class=CodeFragment>y</span>

  2024.   if <span class=CodeFragment>x</span> is true, evaluates <span

  2025.   class=CodeFragment>z</span> if <span class=CodeFragment>x</span> is false.</p>

  2026.   </td>

  2027.  </tr>

  2028. </table>

  2029. 

  2030. <h2><a name="_Anonymous_Object_Creation"></a><a name="_Constructor_and_Method"></a><span

  2031. style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Method and Constructor

  2032. Invocations<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

  2033. 

  2034. <p class=MsoNormal>The expression language limits invocation of methods and

  2035. constructors to those declared public in the <a href="#_Predefined_types">accessible

  2036. types</a>. This restriction exists to protect against unintended side effects

  2037. from invocation of arbitrary methods.</p>

  2038. 

  2039. <p class=MsoNormal>The expression language permits getting (but not setting)

  2040. the value of any reachable public field, property, or indexer.</p>

  2041. 

  2042. <p class=MsoNormal>Overload resolution for methods, constructors, and indexers

  2043. uses rules similar to C#. In informal terms, overload resolution will pick the

  2044. best matching method, constructor, or indexer, or report an ambiguity error if

  2045. no single best match can be identified.</p>

  2046. 

  2047. <p class=MsoNormal>Note that constructor invocations are not prefixed by <span

  2048. class=CodeFragment>new</span>. The following example creates a <span

  2049. class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>DateTime</span></span> instance for a <span

  2050. class=SpellE>specfic</span> year, month, and day using a constructor

  2051. invocation:</p>

  2052. 

  2053. <p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>orders.Where</span></span><span

  2054. class=GramE>(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;<span class=SpellE>OrderDate</span>

  2055. &gt;= <span class=SpellE>DateTime</span>(2007, 1, 1)&quot;</span>);</p>

  2056. 

  2057. <h2><a name="_Anonymous_Object_Initializer"></a><a

  2058. name="_Data_Object_Initializer"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Data

  2059. Object Initializers<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

  2060. 

  2061. <p class=MsoNormal>A data object <span class=SpellE>initializer</span> creates

  2062. a <a href="#_Dynamic_Data_Classes">data class</a> and returns an instance of

  2063. that class. The properties of the data class are inferred from the data object <span

  2064. class=SpellE>initializer</span>. Specifically, a data object <span

  2065. class=SpellE>initializer</span> of the form</p>

  2066. 

  2067. <p class=Code><span class=GramE>new(</span>e1 as p1, e2 as p2, e3 as p3)</p>

  2068. 

  2069. <p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>creates</span> a data class with three

  2070. properties, <span class=CodeFragment>p1</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>p2</span>,

  2071. and <span class=CodeFragment>p3</span>, the types of which are inferred from

  2072. the expressions <span class=CodeFragment>e1</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>e2</span>,

  2073. and <span class=CodeFragment>e3</span>, and returns an instance of that data

  2074. class with the properties initialized to the values computed by <span

  2075. class=CodeFragment>e1</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>e2</span>, and <span

  2076. class=CodeFragment>e3</span>. A property <span class=SpellE>initializer</span>

  2077. may omit the <span class=CodeFragment>as</span> keyword and the property name

  2078. provided the associated expression is a field or property access. The example</p>

  2079. 

  2080. <p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>customers.Select</span></span><span

  2081. class=GramE>(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;new(<span class=SpellE>CompanyName</span>

  2082. as Name, Phone)&quot;</span>);</p>

  2083. 

  2084. <p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>creates</span> a data class with two

  2085. properties, <span class=CodeFragment>Name</span> and <span class=CodeFragment>Phone</span>,

  2086. and returns a sequence of instances of that data class initialized from the <span

  2087. class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>CompanyName</span></span> and <span

  2088. class=CodeFragment>Phone</span> properties of each customer.</p>

  2089. 

  2090. <h2><a name="_Current_Instance"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Current

  2091. Instance<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

  2092. 

  2093. <p class=MsoNormal>When parsing a lambda expression with a single unnamed

  2094. parameter, the members of the unnamed parameter are automatically in scope in

  2095. the expression string, and the <a href="#_Current_Instance"><em><span

  2096. style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:windowtext;text-decoration:

  2097. none;text-underline:none'>current instance</span></em></a> given by the unnamed

  2098. parameter can be referenced in whole using the keyword <span

  2099. class=CodeFragment>it</span>. For example,</p>

  2100. 

  2101. <p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>customers.Where</span></span><span

  2102. class=GramE>(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;Country = @0&quot;</span>,

  2103. country);</p>

  2104. 

  2105. <p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>is</span> equivalent to</p>

  2106. 

  2107. <p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>customers.Where</span></span><span

  2108. class=GramE>(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;<span class=SpellE>it.Country</span>

  2109. = @0&quot;</span>, country);</p>

  2110. 

  2111. <p class=MsoNormal>The <a href="#_IQueryable_Extension_Methods">IQueryable

  2112. extension methods</a> all parse their expression arguments as lambda

  2113. expressions with a single unnamed parameter.</p>

  2114. 

  2115. <h2><a name="_Dynamic_Expression_Invocation"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:

  2116. "Times New Roman"'>Dynamic Lambda Invocation<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

  2117. 

  2118. <p class=MsoNormal>An expression can reference other dynamic lambda expressions

  2119. through <em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>dynamic lambda

  2120. invocations</span></em>. A dynamic lambda invocation consists of a substitution

  2121. variable identifier that references an instance of <span class=SpellE><span

  2122. class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Expressions.LambdaExpression</span></span>,

  2123. followed by an argument list. The arguments supplied must be compatible with

  2124. the parameter list of the given dynamic lambda expression.</p>

  2125. 

  2126. <p class=MsoNormal>The following parses two separate dynamic lambda expressions

  2127. and then combines them in a predicate expression through dynamic lambda

  2128. invocations:</p>

  2129. 

  2130. <p class=Code><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>&lt;<span

  2131. class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Func</span></span>&lt;<span

  2132. style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>, <span class=SpellE><span

  2133. style='color:blue'>bool</span></span>&gt;&gt; e1 = <br>

  2134. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicExpression</span>.ParseLambda</span>&lt;<span

  2135. style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>, <span class=SpellE><span

  2136. style='color:blue'>bool</span></span><span class=GramE>&gt;(</span><span

  2137. style='color:#A31515'>&quot;City = \&quot;London\&quot;&quot;</span>);<br>

  2138. <span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>&lt;<span class=SpellE><span

  2139. style='color:#2B91AF'>Func</span></span>&lt;<span style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>,

  2140. <span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>bool</span></span>&gt;&gt; e2 =<br>

  2141. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicExpression</span>.ParseLambda</span>&lt;<span

  2142. style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>, <span class=SpellE><span

  2143. style='color:blue'>bool</span></span>&gt;(<span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;<span

  2144. class=SpellE>Orders.Count</span> &gt;= 10&quot;</span>);<br>

  2145. <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>&lt;<span style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>&gt;

  2146. query =<br>

  2147. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE>db.Customers.Where</span>(<span

  2148. style='color:#A31515'>&quot;@0(it) and @1(it)&quot;</span>, e1, e2);</p>

  2149. 

  2150. <p class=MsoNormal>It is of course possible to combine static and dynamic

  2151. lambda expressions in this fashion:</p>

  2152. 

  2153. <p class=Code><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>&lt;<span

  2154. class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Func</span></span>&lt;<span

  2155. style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>, <span class=SpellE><span

  2156. style='color:blue'>bool</span></span>&gt;&gt; e1 =<br>

  2157. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; c =&gt; <span class=SpellE>c.City</span> == <span

  2158. style='color:#A31515'>&quot;London&quot;</span><span class=GramE>;</span><br>

  2159. <span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>&lt;<span class=SpellE><span

  2160. style='color:#2B91AF'>Func</span></span>&lt;<span style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>,

  2161. <span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>bool</span></span>&gt;&gt; e2 =<br>

  2162. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicExpression</span>.ParseLambda</span>&lt;<span

  2163. style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>, <span class=SpellE><span

  2164. style='color:blue'>bool</span></span>&gt;(<span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;<span

  2165. class=SpellE>Orders.Count</span> &gt;= 10&quot;</span>);<br>

  2166. <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>&lt;<span style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>&gt;

  2167. query =<br>

  2168. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE>db.Customers.Where</span>(<span

  2169. style='color:#A31515'>&quot;@0(it) and @1(it)&quot;</span>, e1, e2);</p>

  2170. 

  2171. <p class=MsoNormal>The examples above both have the same effect as:</p>

  2172. 

  2173. <p class=Code><span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>&lt;<span

  2174. style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>&gt; query =<br>

  2175. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE>db.Customers.Where</span>(c =&gt; <span

  2176. class=SpellE>c.City</span> == <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;London&quot;</span>

  2177. &amp;&amp; <span class=SpellE>c.Orders.Count</span> &gt;= 10)<span class=GramE>;<span

  2178. style='display:none;mso-hide:all'>n</span></span><span style='display:none;

  2179. mso-hide:all'> a predicate expression c lambda expressions and then combines

  2180. them through dynamic lambda invocations</span></p>

  2181. 

  2182. <h2><span class=GramE><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";

  2183. display:none;mso-hide:all'>combines</span></span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:

  2184. "Times New Roman";display:none;mso-hide:all'> two <span class=SpellE>seperately</span>

  2185. parsed lambda expressions in a single <span class=SpellE>predicate:e</span>

  2186. dynamic lambda expression. <span class=SpellE>System.Linq.Expressions.Lam<span

  2187. style='mso-hide:none'>Sequence</span></span></span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:

  2188. "Times New Roman"'> operators<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

  2189. 

  2190. <p class=MsoNormal>A subset of the Standard Query Operators is supported for

  2191. objects that implement <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>IEnumerable</span></span><span

  2192. class=CodeFragment>&lt;T&gt;</span>. Specifically, the following constructs are

  2193. permitted, where <span class=SpellE><i>seq</i></span> is an <span class=SpellE><span

  2194. class=CodeFragment>IEnumerable</span></span><span class=CodeFragment>&lt;T&gt;</span>

  2195. instance, <i>predicate</i> is a <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>boolean</span></span>

  2196. expression, and <i>selector</i> is an expression of any type:</p>

  2197. 

  2198. <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=SpellE><span

  2199. class=GramE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>seq</span></em></span></span><span

  2200. class=GramE> <span class=CodeFragment>.</span></span> <span class=CodeFragment>Where</span>

  2201. <span class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>(</span> <em><span style='font-family:

  2202. "Calibri","sans-serif"'>predicate</span></em></span> <span class=CodeFragment>)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  2203. <span class=SpellE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>seq</span></em></span>

  2204. <span class=CodeFragment>.</span> <span class=CodeFragment>Any</span> <span

  2205. class=CodeFragment>(</span> <span class=CodeFragment>)</span></p>

  2206. 

  2207. <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=SpellE><span

  2208. class=GramE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>seq</span></em></span></span><span

  2209. class=GramE> <span class=CodeFragment>.</span></span> <span class=CodeFragment>Any</span>

  2210. <span class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>(</span> <em><span style='font-family:

  2211. "Calibri","sans-serif"'>predicate</span></em></span> <span class=CodeFragment>)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  2212. <span class=SpellE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>seq</span></em></span>

  2213. <span class=CodeFragment>.</span> <span class=CodeFragment>All</span> <span

  2214. class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>(</span> <em><span style='font-family:

  2215. "Calibri","sans-serif"'>predicate</span></em></span> )</p>

  2216. 

  2217. <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=SpellE><span

  2218. class=GramE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>seq</span></em></span></span><span

  2219. class=GramE> <span class=CodeFragment>.</span></span> <span class=CodeFragment>Count</span>

  2220. <span class=CodeFragment>(</span> <span class=CodeFragment>)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  2221. <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>seq</span></em></span></span><span

  2222. class=GramE> <span class=CodeFragment>.</span></span> <span class=CodeFragment>Count</span>

  2223. <span class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>(</span> <em><span style='font-family:

  2224. "Calibri","sans-serif"'>predicate</span></em></span> <span class=CodeFragment>)</span></p>

  2225. 

  2226. <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=SpellE><span

  2227. class=GramE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>seq</span></em></span></span><span

  2228. class=GramE> <span class=CodeFragment>.</span></span> <span class=CodeFragment>Min</span>

  2229. <span class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>(</span> <em><span style='font-family:

  2230. "Calibri","sans-serif"'>selector</span></em></span> <span class=CodeFragment>)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  2231. <span class=SpellE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>seq</span></em></span>

  2232. <span class=CodeFragment>.</span> <span class=CodeFragment>Max</span> <span

  2233. class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>(</span> <em><span style='font-family:

  2234. "Calibri","sans-serif"'>selector</span></em></span> <span class=CodeFragment>)</span></p>

  2235. 

  2236. <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=SpellE><span

  2237. class=GramE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>seq</span></em></span></span><span

  2238. class=GramE> <span class=CodeFragment>.</span></span> <span class=CodeFragment>Sum</span>

  2239. <span class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>(</span> <em><span style='font-family:

  2240. "Calibri","sans-serif"'>selector</span></em></span> <span class=CodeFragment>)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

  2241. <span class=SpellE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>seq</span></em></span>

  2242. <span class=CodeFragment>.</span> <span class=CodeFragment>Average</span> <span

  2243. class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>(</span> <em><span style='font-family:

  2244. "Calibri","sans-serif"'>selector</span></em></span> <span class=CodeFragment>)</span></p>

  2245. 

  2246. <p class=MsoNormal>In the <i>predicate</i> and <i>selector</i> expressions, the

  2247. members of the <a href="#_Current_Instance">current instance</a> for that

  2248. sequence operator are automatically in scope, and the instance itself can be

  2249. referenced using the keyword <span class=CodeFragment>it</span>. An example:</p>

  2250. 

  2251. <p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>customers.Where</span></span><span

  2252. class=GramE>(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;<span class=SpellE>Orders.Any</span>(Total

  2253. &gt;= 1000)&quot;</span>);</p>

  2254. 

  2255. <h2><span class=SpellE><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Enum</span></span><span

  2256. style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> type support<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

  2257. 

  2258. <p class=MsoNormal>The expression language supports an <a href="#_Conversions_1">implicit

  2259. conversion</a> from a string literal to an <span class=SpellE>enum</span> type

  2260. provided the string literal contains the name of a member of that <span

  2261. class=SpellE>enum</span> type. For example,</p>

  2262. 

  2263. <p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>orders.Where</span></span><span

  2264. class=GramE>(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;<span class=SpellE>OrderDate.DayOfWeek</span>

  2265. = \&quot;Monday\&quot;&quot;</span>);</p>

  2266. 

  2267. <p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>is</span> equivalent to</p>

  2268. 

  2269. <p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>orders.Where</span></span><span

  2270. class=GramE>(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;<span class=SpellE>OrderDate.DayOfWeek</span>

  2271. = @0&quot;</span>, <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DayOfWeek</span>.Monday</span>);</p>

  2272. 

  2273. <p class=MsoNormal>&nbsp;</p>

  2274. 

  2275. </div>

  2276. 

  2277. </body>

  2278. 

  2279. </html>